This report presents a series of nine case studies about HIV programs that work with and for most-at-risk populations (MARPs). The programs selected for the case studies are located in countries with concentrated HIV epidemics in South and Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Middle East. The case studies describe how the programs address the gender-related needs of MARPs and integrate PEPFAR gender strategies, adapted for use with MARPs, into their activities. These strategies are: 1) increasing gender equity and access to HIV programs and services, 2) reducing violence and coercion; 3) addressing harmful gender norms and behaviors; 4) increasing legal rights and protection; and 5) increasing access to income and productive resources. The report also includes recommendations for developing, implementing and evaluating the effect of PEPFAR gender strategies in MARPs programs.